Economic Security and the Intersection of Aging Retirement and Gender
Immigration often leads to the stress of acculturation and adjustment, as well as changes in economic, social and political roles (Levitt et. al. 2005, Berry and Sam 1997). Given the long-term influence of these shifts, combined with the prevalence of underemployment, underpay, discrimination, and social isolation of immigrant women, the experiences of immigrant women in retirement may be different than those of Canadian-raised women (Teelucksingh and Galabuzi 2005, McDonald and Kennedy 2004, Driedger and Hallis 1999, Bauder 2003).